1)Nigeria

 Imperialism-              <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Racism-   <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Social Darwinism-   <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a 19th-century theory, inspired by Darwinism, by which the social order is accounted as the product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions and in accord with which a position of laissez-faire is advocated. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berlin Conference 1884-1885-   <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    ** <span style="color: rgb(102, 118, 204); text-align: center; display: block;">This political cartoon displays the powers of Europe dividing up Africa for colonization. The separation <span style="color: rgb(102, 118, 204); text-align: center; display: block;"> <span style="color: rgb(102, 118, 204); text-align: center; display: block;">of Africa was done during the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885. It caused the lives of all indigenous <span style="color: rgb(102, 118, 204); text-align: center; display: block;"> <span style="color: rgb(102, 118, 204); text-align: center; display: block;">people to change, for good and for bad, as they had to endure colonial administrations and industrialization. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">**Shaka-**   <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">During Shaka's rule, the Zulu broadened their land claims throughout southern Africa. Eventually, the Zulu came into conflict with the British army as they expanded their control over southern Africa and invaded the homeland of the Zulu. Despite early victories, the Zulu were eventually defeated by the technology and vast resources at the command of the British troops. Soon, all of southern Africa would come under British control. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">**Boer-**   <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A Dutch colonist or descendant of a Dutch colonist in South Africa. Also known as Afrikaners. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">**Great Trek-**   <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Emigration of some 12,000–14,000 Boers from Cape Colony (South Africa) between 1835 and the early 1840s, in rebellion against British policies and in search of fresh pasturelands. The trek, regarded by Boers as the origin of their nationhood, enabled the settlers to establish temporary military supremacy over the __<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Xhosa __<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, to penetrate into Natal and the Highveld, and to expand white settlement north to the Limpopo River. **<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">  <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Boer War-     **    <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A war fought from 1899 to 1902 between an alliance of the Boer governments of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State on the one hand and Great Britain on the other, over the sovereignty and commercial rights in these lands. The war ended with British victory. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(96, 106, 215); text-align: center; display: block;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(111, 133, 195); text-align: center; display: block;">This is a map of The Federal Republic of Nigeria, or what would have been the trading states of the Niger Delta during the 19th century.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center; font-size: 120%;">Imperialists Divide Nigeria and South Africa <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">

**Nigeria (Trading States of the Niger Delta)** <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> The area around the Niger Delta has always been prosperous. Wealth has come from its powerful location on both the Niger River and the Atlantic ocean, making it ideal for trading. For year until the mid-1830s, these trading states were major sources of slaves. This Atlantic Slave trade was ended by U.S. and British abolition movements. These countries instead sought slave-born Africans to work because they were less likely to rebel compared those taken from their homes in Africa. This movement began in 1808, but Atlantic Slave Trade did not officially end until 1867. To enforce their new policies, Great Britain set up colonies throughout western Africa. Although this divided the area into further separate states, the British brought refuge with them as they helped to liberate and protect Africans from slavery. As slave trade was suppressed, the Niger Area became westernized and industrialized. Another reason slave trade diminished was because of the new changes across the world, such as industrialization and new economic practices. Because slavery, Nigeria's main source of prosperity, was outlawed, merchants were forced to find a new export. They turned to palm oil, gold, and ivory, all which became high in demand. The palm oil had many uses and was desired by all Europeans as it helped to make soap, lubricant, and candles. To keep up with consumer demand, African traders invested in slaves, despite being illegal, with their new profits. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(78, 71, 184); text-align: center; display: block;">Palm oil was the largest export for the Niger River region after the abolition of slave trade. This is an example of the source of palm oil, a palm tree, in which peasants would climb and cut off the nut clusters, and then extract the oil from them. The oil was very valuable and desired during the 19th century in both the new and old worlds. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(8, 7, 7); text-align: left; display: block;"> After the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885 all of Africa was divided amongst the major European powers. The leaders decided that occupation of Africa would replace Trade with Africa. The west coast, was divided between Britain, France, and Germany. Taking advantage of their colonies, they bought their goods at very low prices and then sold them for very high profits. An example of this unfair treatment was on the Gold coast with their major export, cocoa. All European powers eventually ruled their shares of Africa directly, with fear of slave trade, inhumanity towards locals, and trade prospects. Natives in the Niger area did not revolt against colonial rule for the most part. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Natives in the <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Niger <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> area did not revolt against colonial rule for the most part. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Muslim leaders on the West Coast did resist French rule for about 30 years, but were eventually dominated. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">European administrators were harsh with the natives, making them work at gun point, do hard and tiring manual labor, giving them little room for resistance. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Life was hard for Africans under European rule. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although the area became industrialized, from western influences, and gained wealth, its people endured hostility and oppression from Europeans and their own natives. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Despite the harassment of Africans, missionaries provided an education for the children of many colonies. In these schools, children were taught reading, writing, and arithmetic. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For wealthy merchants and farmers in <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Africa <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, colonization helped them to gain more wealth. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For peasants, on the other hand, life became worse as they were treated unfairly, forced to pay high taxes and work in dangerous conditions. For children, colonization gave them a new opportunity to become educated and go somewhere in life. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For all Europeans alike, colonization improved their lifestyles, by providing them with new goods at cheaper prices, spreading their religion, and offering them prosperous trading opportunities

<span style="color: rgb(64, 95, 206);">This map shows the way Africa was divided by the Berlin Conference. As can be seen, the west coast around the Niger river, was divided amongst Germany, Britain, and France. Competition for parts of Africa during this time <span style="color: rgb(64, 95, 206);">period was known as the "scramble" for Africa.

** Post Colonization Era **
 * Gained independence on October 1, 1960 as a constitutional monarchy.
 * For many years, military rule was established. This ended in 1999 when a civilian government was created.
 * Lacking education and economic development, ethnic, religious, and regional tensions plagued the area.
 * Since its independence, Nigeria has faced revolt, assassination, violence, division into separate states, and fraud.
 * Petroleum-based economy has been torn apart by mismanagement, corruption, and democracy.
 * It is now undergoing the longest period of civilian rule since independence.
 * Most populous African country.
 * Plagued with infectious and deadly diseases, lowering their life expectancy dramatically to about 45 years of age.

Although throughout the 19th century, colonization appeared harmful to the Niger region, its independence appears to have caused much instability with its people and in the government.