3)India

** Sepoy- **  A soldier in South Asia, especially in th service of the British. This picture depicts the average sepoy. These fighters were employed by Great Britain for protection and other services. In response to religious and social conflicts the sepoys, who were mainly Hindu and Muslim, revolted in 1857. The British colony of India-so calleda because of its importance in the British Empier, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods.
 * "Jewel in the Crown"-**

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs. This picture illustrates how the British controlled all of India under colonialism. As can be seen, the Sepoy rebellion in 1857 caused much more of India to become colonized. The rebellion was caused by religious differences amongst the sepoys and British.
 * Sepoy Mutiny-**

** Raj- ** The rule over much of South Asia between 1756 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. COMPANY MEN
 * British, Dutch, and French trading companies were eager to expand into India.
 * Companies hired Sepoys to hold the balance of power in divided India. Sepoys were a tool of getting the native warriors to take up farming.
 * Great Britain's East India Company gained rights to rule Bengal and the fishing port of Calcutta, Madras in Southern India, and secured northern India/prevented a French resurgence, and Bombay on the western coast. Tensions arose in Bengal after the EIC created a fortified outpost. They later left the area because of taxing conflicts.
 * EIC forces were led by Robert Clive.
 * After the Seven Years War, Britain gained all of France's Indian prospects.
 * South India came under British control after the defeat of Tipu Sultan of Mysore.
 * Land taken over on the west coast was either taken over completely or ruled by native princes who accepted the political control of companies.

RAJ AND REBELLION
 * By 1818 Great Britain controlled all of India's West Coast and was gaining land in the East.
 * Reform in India was modeled after Britain through administrative and social reform, economic development, and the introduction of new technology. However, these new customs interfered with many of the major religions in India. The main policies were to create and maintain a powerful and efficient government. This type of rule is known as direct, because the native government was disposed of. To gain support of other religious groups, the British "invented" old traditions which would appeal to their colonization goals as well as all ethnic groups.
 * A main goal for Great Britain was to give Christian missionaries more political, and economical reign.
 * Substitute ownership of private property for India's complex and overlapping patterns of landholding. This was beneficial for large landowners, but hurt peasants who increased in number. This reform made the collection of taxes easier for British administrators.
 * Women, lower castes, "untouchables", and "tribals" did not benefit from British reforms because they were oppressed by taxes, unlike their superiors.
 * The reforms, created many new jobs because of increased trade and agricultural production.
 * The cotton industry was prosperous in both India and Great Britain. This increased competition between nations, caused Indians to leave the trade, and search for other jobs. The new jobs would often be profitable for Britain as they controlled virtually everything.
 * The cause of the Sepoy Rebellion was the use of beef and pork fat in the army's modern riffles. The consumption of these products was against the beliefs of many sepoys who were Hindu or Muslim. This rebellion became known as the turning point in the history of modern India because they gained a new central government, economic development, and a national conscience.

POLITICAL REFORM & INDUSTRIAL IMPACT This cartoon is a representation of Britain's rule over India. The royal woman is Queen Victoria standing above a native. Submitting to the queen's colonial power the native represents the Indian population. RISING INDIAN NATIONALISM
 * Britain eliminated ALL traces of Mughal and Company rule with the creation of the Secretary of State=direct rule.
 * To promote equality, Britain protected ALL Indians under the law, granting them freedom of religion and customs.
 * Judiciaries and administrators from Great Britain saw to justice as they controlled lawsuits within their districts.
 * The Indian Civil Service held examinations to elect high level officials. Native Indians however were excluded from these examinations because of racism which plagued the region.
 * Queen Victoria became known as Empress of India, showing Britain's extensive control over India.
 * Newly built harbors, cities, irrigation systems, and plantations helped to alleviate the common famines throughout India, while providing the area with many major exports.
 * India was a major source of natural resources for Great Britain. These raw materials however were not produced into goods within India. This allowed for extensive trade between India and major producers.
 * Industrialization proved to help woman across India, as they were able to find jobs as new technology was imported from Europe.
 * The Railroad boom across India provided the region with its first national transportation system. This freer movement allowed for the spread of cholera. Many Indians believed this plague was the punishment for not resisting to British rule. A positive result of the new transportation was that governments were able to build sewers and provide fresh water to many people across all of India.
 * The successes and failures of the British were the stimulus for Indian Nationalism. Natives wanted to reduce social and ethnical divisions to promote Pan-Indian Nationalism which supported modern and traditional divisions.
 * Corrected the abuses of women.
 * Schools began teaching BOTH Indian and European cirrocumulus. Missionaries played major roles in setting up these institutions.
 * New nationalists came from the Indian Middle Class despite being held back by Britain's laws and prejudices.
 * The Indian National Congress was created in 1885. It sought power in the ICS, reduced military spending, and money going to the impoverished. The congress promoted unity although only certain parts of society grasped the idea. Mainly those who were well-educated and members of the high casts.
 * In order to challenge British rule, nationalist leaders knew that they would have to attract masses of people to their ideas.

POST-COLONIZATION > >
 * Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led by Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru brought independence in 1947.
 * Independence for colonial India split the subcontinent into secular India and Muslim Pakistan.
 * Further war broke out, and Pakistan was further divided, creating the country Bangladesh.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">Although India has made progress with economic revival and technologic improvement they face significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife.