7)Latin+America

 **Monroe Doctrine 1823-** A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference. This cartoon illustrates how the U.S. was able to intervene after the creation of the Monroe Doctrine. Originally it appeared that the doctrine benefited the young countries of Latin America, but later it proved helpful for the U.S. who wanted to gain influence there. Many European powers tried to take advantage of the unstable countries with bad debt and claims. **Spanish-American War 1898-** A war between the United States and Spain over the control of Cuba. The United States won this war and gained independence for Cuba, and control of the Philippines.

**Panama Canal-** A canal that crosses the isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Built by the United States between 1904 and 1914.

**Roosevelt Corollary-** A political policy of the United States by President Theodore Roosevelt that states only the United States could intervene in the affairs of South America. Mexican military and political leader who tried to crush the Texan revolt. Victorious at the Alamo (1836), he was soon after defeated and captured by the Texans.   **Benito Juarez-**    President of Mexico (1858-1872). Born in poverty in Mexico, he was educated as a lawyer and rose to become chief justice of the Mexican supreme court and then president. He led Mexico's resistance to a French invasion in 1863 and the installation of Maximilian as emperor.   **La Reforma-** a period halfway through the 19th century in the history of Mexico  that was characterized by liberal re forms and the transformation of Mexico into a nation state . <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> **Porfirio Diaz-**  <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a Mexican politician <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">that would later become the president of Mexico (from 1876 to 1880 and from 1884 to 1911) and one of the most controversial figures of the country. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> **Francisco Madero-**  <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a politician, writer and revolutionary <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> who served as President <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> of Mexico <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> from 1911 to 1913. The Mexican Revolution quickly spun out of his control. He was later deposed and executed <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> **Francisco "Pancho Villa"-**  <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">a Mexican revolutionary leader who advocated for the poor and wanted agrarian reform. Though he was a killer, a bandit, and a revolutionary leader, many remember him as a folk hero. Pancho Villa was also responsible for a raid on Columbus, New Mexico in 1916, which was the first attack on U.S. soil since 1812.
 * Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna-**

<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">  **Emiliano Zapata-** ** <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution  <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, which broke out in 1910, and which was initially directed against the president Porfirio Diaz  <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. He formed and commanded an important revolutionary force, the Liberation army of the South <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. ** <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> RAILROADS & THE IMPERIALISM OF FREE TRADE
 * The Caribbean and Latin Americas were rich of raw materials and crops which were exported to major world powers in exchange for manufactured goods they did not have the technology to produce.
 * Pressure on these areas of the world were not for territory but for financial and economic status.
 * Latin America provided agriculture and mineral products for industrial countries. The land producing these raw materials however was limited by lack of transportation. To open up interior land to development, railroads were created, linking port cities and resource centers.
 * By 1870, almost every Latin American country had acquired railroads to improve their productivity, quality, and transportation.
 * Money to build railroads, engineers to build and design the systems, and managers to oversee the production had to come from the U.S. and Great Britain because the indigenous people were uneducated. 86% of railroads were British owned, 40% of railroad workers were British, and the official language of railroads was English not Spanish.
 * Because Argentina was the most resourceful Latin American country, they had the best railroad systems. Great Britain and the U.S. wanted to expand their rich soil and quickly transport the wheat, beef, and hide that was produced there.
 * The majority of natives weren't consulted or allowed to benefit from the railroad boom. Many of them were poor, uneducated people who were considered nothing in society or politics. The Americans and British clearly thought that they were superior to these indigenous people whose homes they were intruding.

AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM & THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR media type="youtube" key="fmlCF0WXPf8" height="344" width="425"<span style="color: rgb(73, 212, 159); text-align: center; display: block;">This video shows Teddy Roosevelt's rough riders. These forces of men helped in the Spanish-American War and other battles. After freeing Cuba through the war, America was then able to assert their power over its people and government. AMERICAN INTERVENTION IN THE CARIBBEAN & CENTRAL AMERICA
 * In 1865 financial power encouraged Great Britain to penetrate further into Latin America not seeking territory but further economic gain. They did not want to extend their territory any more because:
 * They had already overextended their control in Africa and Asia.
 * The Latin American governments provided strong political backing for economic arrangements.
 * The Latin American countries were capable of resisting invasion.
 * The Monroe Doctrine ensured that the U.S. would protect the Latin American countries if there was to much European interference.
 * The United States had long coveted Cuba who was under Spain's imperial crown. Hoping to gain control over Cuba the U.S. supported Jose Marti's revolt against Spain. Still desperate to gain Cuba, the mysterious explosion of the U.S. battleship //Maine,// gave the American government a reason to declare war on Spain. The Spanish-American war ended with the U.S. gaining the Philippines, Spain gaining Puerto Rico and Guam, while Cuba ironically became an independent republic. Despite Cuba's freedom they are still to this day heavily influenced by the U.S. who often interfere.
 * The Latin American region was small, poor, and many governments were corrupt, unstable, and bank
 * Throughout the 19th and 20th century, U.S. presidents were willing to intervene in Latin America. Each president influenced countries according to their own morals.
 * Teddy Roosevelt encouraged positive reform for nations friendly with the U.S. He extended the Monroe Doctrine with the Roosevelt Corollary, stating that only the U.S. could intervene in South America.
 * Woodrow Wilson imposed clean government through military means.
 * Henry Taft used loans from American Banks to help support Latin American reform and governments.
 * The Platt Amendment in 1901 between Cuba and the U.S. gave the U.S. the "right to intervene" in order to maintain order. This gave the U.S. an excuse for military occupation of Cuba in 1906-1909,1912, and 1917-1922. America essentially became a Cuban protectorate.
 * American troops occupied the Dominican Republic from 1904-1907 and then again in 1916, Nicaragua and Honduras in 1912, and Haiti in 1916. In many of these areas indirect rule was in effect because the native governments were still in control.
 * The U.S. troops in Latin America provided sanitation and material progress but were not able to initiate political reform.
 * In 1878 the original attempt to build the Panama Canal by French architects failed because of scandals and yellow fever.
 * In 1903 the U.S. supported Panama's rebellion against Colombia which would allow the canal to be built. Colombia did not want the canal to be built by the U.S. because of the profits it would grant them since they had obtained Hawaii and the Philippines.
 * Work began on the canal in 1904 and it was opened in 1914.
 * Because colonial rule in Latin America was not direct very few revolutions or resistance movements occurred beyond those in Mexico.

EXPANSION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
 * The Industrial Revolution expanded the demand for spices, sugar, milk, and exotic products.
 * England used their imported raw materials for bags, soap, lubricants, jewelry, buildings, railroads, rubber-made products, and insulation.
 * Great Britain faced many problems with their colonies because of the gap between the old world's highly industrialized society and the primitive production methods of the colonies.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT <span style="color: rgb(73, 212, 159); text-align: center; display: block;">Together these two maps display the areas that were influenced throughout the 19th and 20th centuries by foreign powers. All areas had fertile land and constant heat/sunlight which was prosperous for major countries seeking agricultural trade. Many plants grown in Latin America were improved in botanical gardens where they were then traded and reproduced. POST-COLONIZATION
 * Rubber, cocoa, and coffee were produced in Brazil because of their temperate climate and fertile soil. Once harvested, these Brazilian crops were smuggled into Britain's botanical gardens to be traded and improved. Plants which proved to beneficial to the economy were brought back to Britain's colonies for major growth.
 * Land once used for forests or slash and burn agriculture was made into farms and plantations after colonization. Other barren land was able to be changed into profitable farming land with the introduction of new irrigation systems and water control. Although this provided more land for production it ruined the homes for many wild creatures. Examples of this were in Ceylon and India where entire rain forests were cleared for tea production.
 * Major exports throughout Latin America were tin in Bolivia, and Copper in Chile. Many minerals were found in this region, but to reach them the land had to have been dug into. This mining caused lunar craters, water to become poisoned, and other toxic wastes to be emitted.
 * European influence paved the way for modern industrialization throughout Latin America. Engaged in new urban industries, the once minute middle class grew at a steady rate. Urbanization left those living in rural communities behind in the races. Progress was limited for these families and poverty continued to grow and worsen.
 * Even with the new industrialization, Latin America continued to rely on their exports as they could not compete with Europe and the U.S. in production.
 * After liberation, many latino countries became republics. Some countries however, were forced to deal with socialist or dictatorial leaders. No matter who was in control, these governments were unable to provide the basic necessities to their people.