2)Muslim+Land

**Crimean War 1853-1856-** Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.
 * Muslim Lands Fall to Imperialist Demands**
 * Geopolitics-**
 * The study or application of the influence of the political and economic geography on the politics, national power, foreign policy, etc. of a state. **

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.  This is a map which shows the routes from Asia to Europe with and without the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal shortened the sea route between Europe and Asia dramatically. As an effect trade increased, allowing the Europeans to expand their vast power. media type="youtube" key="cE9wzWLSXtg" height="344" width="425" This movie is a news caption after the Suez Crisis of 1956. The major world conflict started when all major nations wanted control over the essential canal. Peace was finally achieved by all regions with a United Nations treaty in 1979. ** __EGYPT__ ** From 1517 through 1882, the Ottomans were in control of Egypt and its wide variety of natural resources. Although its rule was very weak, it was maintained through local rulers. After Napoleon's attempt to invade Egypt, Muhammed Ali took control under the Sultan's name, and began extensive modernization. He adopted French practices in all parts of the Egyptian state. Such examples were military practices, schools which taught European sciences and skills, and factories. To gain land for factories, he confiscated Muslim religious institutions' land. However, Muhammed never achieved the dream creating a country capable of standing up to Europe. His son was later forced to withdraw from Israel, due to European pressure. This pressure also imposed limitations on Egypt's army, navy, and monopolies. With influence in Egypt, Europeans were able to make prosperous business ventures there. The original industrialization resulted in contact with Europe through trade, but was quickly stopped by his successor, Abbas I. Years later, Egypt rekindled their European relationships and worked with the French to construct the Suez Canal. This connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean, creating a quicker voyage for traders. With major colonies in India, Great Britain relied heavily on the canal. Although the Suez Canal was admired by the Egyptians, it caused excessive government spending which could not be tolerated. To make up for their losses, Egypt sold their shares in the canal, to England. By 1882, all of the Suez was controlled by the British government who then declared themselves protectors of Egypt. This form of control was indirect as the Egyptians were able to keep their government in place.
 * Suez Canal-**

__**OTTOMAN EMPIRE**__ >  This painting depicts the Greek War of Independence. The war was fought between the Greeks and their ruling Ottoman Empire. European powers joined the Greek cause, hoping to regain their classical roots from Muslims. >   >   Starting in the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire began its long decline. In later years, it was forced to fight with the Russians, who wanted to gain control of the Balkans, Black Sea, and surrounding areas. With many loses behind them, the Empire shrank, becoming considerably smaller and weaker. Not wanting Russia to take over all of the eastern Mediterranean, Britain and France joined the Ottomans cause. This extra support prevented expansion, and was seen during the Crimean war. Although Russia did indeed gain land during this war, peace was restored during the Treaty of Paris. Creating fair borders for all of the countries involved, the treaty also benefited Christian's living in the Ottoman Empire. They were ensured improved status in return for the Empire being recognized as a member of the European concert. Although the Ottomans were given their land back, throughout the duration of the war and after, they were forced to overcome a hazardous economy. Revenues decreased as integration increased, calling for a much needed change. New business practices were adopted, allowing urbanization and expansion for Ottoman regions. With this new migration, emerged a small, influential urban class, and a large class of wage laborers. Although these changes appeared beneficial, nothing could repair the imperial government. All finances were low because of corruption and poor agriculture. The government heavily relied on foreign loans, which continued to escalate as tariffs were lowered to favor Europeans. The national debt continued to pile up. Trouble in the economy paired with Muslim suspicions of Christian relations with European powers caused a group of young Ottomans to initiate change. They wanted wealth and influence, which could only be attained with liberal reforms. They created a new constitution based on the ideas of modern Islam, and Nationalism. These efforts were suspended shortly after by Abdul Hamid. As an overall result of aiding the Ottomans, Great Britain and France increased their influence and power greatly, in this region.
 * Sultan Selim III began reforms to create a central government, a European styled military, standard taxation, and land tenure.
 * These efforts failed because of violent opposition from Janissaries, who had become a significant political force and wanted to maintain their economic privileges.
 * Ulama, Muslim Religious Scholars, resisted these movements, especially the secularization of law and taxation.
 * These modernization programs were later suspended in 1806, but military uprisings continued, and the sultan was deposed and imprisoned.
 * Sultan Mahmud II cautiously revived reform movement, however dies before political reform takes place. During reign the Ottomans became dependent on Europeans for survival.
 * The Greek War for Independence was considered a campaign to recapture the classical roots of the European civilization from Muslims.
 * [[image:greece11.jpg]]
 * Abdul Mejid and European Ambassadors created tanzimat, "reorganization", which was a series of reforms where religious elite removed from influence in the government. Other effects of tanzimat were equality in taxation, and non-muslims were recquired to serve in the army.
 * The Sharia's law and authority shrank as it became restricted to family matters.
 * Cities such as Istanbul embraced European culture and language. It was common for Ottomans to travel to Europe hoping to gain more culture and technology.
 * Women were still held back as public rights and participation were held only for men. By the 1830s women were no longer able to have a say over property, and were driven from the work place.
 * Workers began to be paid in money not in goods because of silver influx in the Americas and Europe.
 * The English and French used propaganda campaigns to gain public support for the Crimean War.
 * The Crimean war marked the transition from traditional to modern warfare.